Hitler th??nh l???p kh??ng qu??n

Thứ hai - 15/07/2019 01:49

V??o ng??y n??y n??m 1935, l??nh ?????o ?????c Qu???c x?? Adolf Hitler ???? k?? m???t s???c l???nh b?? m???t, cho ph??p th??nh l???p Kh??ng qu??n (Luftwaffe) ??? ????n v??? th??? ba trong c???a qu??n ?????i ????? ch??? (Wehrmacht), sau b??? binh (Heer) v?? h???i qu??n (Kriegsmarine). Trong s???c l???nh n??y, Hitler b??? nhi???m Hermann Goering, m???t anh h??ng kh??ng qu??n ?????c t??? Th??? chi???n I, v

HITLER TH??NH L???P KH??NG QU??N
Bi??n d???ch: Nguy???n Th??? Kim Ph???ng
V??o ng??y n??y n??m 1935, l??nh ?????o ?????c Qu???c x?? Adolf Hitler ???? k?? m???t s???c l???nh b?? m???t, cho ph??p th??nh l???p Kh??ng qu??n (Luftwaffe) ??? ????n v??? th??? ba trong c???a qu??n ?????i ????? ch??? (Wehrmacht), sau b??? binh (Heer) v?? h???i qu??n (Kriegsmarine). Trong s???c l???nh n??y, Hitler b??? nhi???m Hermann Goering, m???t anh h??ng kh??ng qu??n ?????c t??? Th??? chi???n I, ?????ng th???i l?? quan ch???c c???p cao c???a ?????c qu???c x??, l??m T???ng t?? l???nh l???c l?????ng kh??ng qu??n m???i.
Khi Th??? chi???n I k???t th??c, Hi???p ?????c Versailles ???? c???m th??nh l???p l???c l?????ng kh??ng qu??n ??? ?????c. Nh??ng v??o n??m 1926, m???t h??ng h??ng kh??ng d??n s??? t??n Lufthansa ???? ???????c th??nh l???p v?? hu???n luy???n bay cho nh???ng ng?????i sau n??y s??? tr??? th??nh phi c??ng c???a Luftwaffe.
Sau khi l??n n???m quy???n v??o n??m 1933, Hitler b???t ?????u b?? m???t ph??t tri???n m???t l???c l?????ng kh??ng qu??n hi???n ?????i v?? b??? nhi???m Goering l??m B??? tr?????ng Kh??ng qu??n. (Trong Th??? chi???n I, Goering ???? ch??? huy m???t phi ?????i m??y bay n???i ti???ng, trong ???? g???m c??? phi c??ng ???Nam t?????c ???????? Manfred von Richthofen.) Th??ng 02/1935, vi???c ch??nh th???c th??nh l???p Luftwaffe tr??? th??nh m???t b?????c ti???n quan tr???ng trong ch????ng tr??nh t??i v?? trang c???a Hitler.
Luftwaffe ???? ???????c ng???y trang v?? ph??t tri???n t???ng b?????c ????? kh??ng cho c??c ch??nh ph??? n?????c ngo??i bi???t. Quy m?? v?? th??nh ph???n c???a c??c ????n v??? kh??ng qu??n Luftwaffe ?????u ???????c gi??? b?? m???t. Tuy nhi??n, v??o th??ng 03/1935, Anh th??ng b??o t??ng c?????ng l???c l?????ng Kh??ng qu??n Ho??ng gia (Royal Air Force ??? RAF), v?? v?? kh??ng ch???u thua k??m, Hitler c??ng ???? ti???t l??? v??? Luftwaffe m?? khi ???? ???? ph??t tri???n nhanh ch??ng th??nh m???t l???c l?????ng kh??ng qu??n ????ng g???m.
Ch????ng tr??nh t??i v?? trang n?????c ?????c ???? ph??t tri???n v???i t???c ????? ????ng b??o ?????ng, Anh v?? Ph??p l??n ti???ng ph???n ?????i, nh??ng ch???ng th??? theo k???p ng?????i ?????c. Kh??ng ch??? c??c ????n v??? kh??ng qu??n c???a ?????c ???? t??ng tr?????ng ????ng k???, m?? c??? nh???ng m??y bay chi???n ?????u m???i c???a ?????c ??? chi???c Me-109 ??? c??ng ti??n ti???n h??n r???t nhi???u so v???i m??y bay c???a Anh, Ph??p hay Nga. Me-109 t???ng ???????c d??ng trong N???i chi???n T??y Ban Nha. C??c phi c??ng Luftwaffe ???? ???????c hu???n luy???n khi ti???n h??nh t???n c??ng c??c th??? tr???n T??y Ban Nha. Ch??? ri??ng t???i th??? tr???n Guernica, ???? c?? h??n 1.000 ng?????i thi???t m???ng trong m???t v??? ????nh bom t??n b???o c???a kh??ng qu??n ?????c v??o th??ng 04/1937.
Luftwaffe ???????c h??nh th??nh nh?? m???t ph???n quan tr???ng c???a blitzkrieg (chi???n tranh ch???p nho??ng) ??? chi???n l?????c qu??n s??? nguy hi???m do T?????ng Heinz Guderian ph??t tri???n. C??? th???, khi c??c xe t??ng ?????c th???c s??u v??o l??nh th??? ?????i ph????ng, c??c m??y bay thu???c Luftwaffe s??? n??m bom nh???m ph?? h???y c??c ???????ng vi???n tr??? v?? h??? th???ng th??ng tin li??n l???c c???a k??? ?????ch, ?????ng th???i g??y n??n ho???ng lo???n. T??nh ?????n khi Th??? chi???n II b??ng n??? v??o th??ng 09/1939, Luftwaffe ???? c?? m???t l???c l?????ng g???m 1.000 m??y bay chi???n ?????u v?? 1.050 m??y bay n??m bom.
?????u ti??n l?? Ba Lan v?? sau ???? ??an M???ch, Na Uy, H?? Lan, B??? v?? Ph??p ???? th???t th??? tr?????c blitzkrieg. Sau khi Ph??p ?????u h??ng, ?????c Qu???c x?? ???? d??ng Luftwaffe ????? t???n c??ng Anh, hy v???ng ti??u di???t Kh??ng qu??n Ho??ng gia Anh (RAF) nh???m chu???n b??? cho m???t cu???c ????? b??? c???a qu??n ?????c. Tuy nhi??n, trong tr???n kh??ng chi???n Anh n???i ti???ng (Battle of Britain), RAF v???i s??? l?????ng v?????t tr???i ???? th???ng ???????c Luftwaffe nh??? v??o c??ng ngh??? radar, c??c m??y bay Spitfire th??? h??? m???i, c??ng c??? s??? d??ng c???m v?? may m???n. C??? m???i m??y bay c???a Anh b??? b???n h??? th?? hai m??y bay chi???n ?????u c???a ?????c b??? ph?? h???y. ?????i m???t v???i s??? kh??ng c??? t??? ng?????i Anh, Hitler ???? thay ?????i chi???n l?????c trong tr???n kh??ng chi???n, t??? b??? k??? ho???ch x??m l?????c m?? thay v??o ???? c??? g???ng ????nh bom London. Tuy nhi??n, chi???n l?????c m???i n??y khi???n Luftwaffe g???p kh?? kh??n v?? thi???u h???t m??y bay n??m bom t???m xa. ?????u n??m 1941, cu???c kh??ng chi???n Anh ???? k???t th??c trong th???t b???i.
Ng?????i Anh ???? khi???n Luftwaffe th???t b???i l???n ?????u ti??n. Sau ???? l?? ng?????i Nga. Cu???i n??m ????, Hitler ra l???nh x??m l?????c Li??n X??, nh??ng nh???ng chi???n th???ng ban ?????u l???i d???n bi???n th??nh m???t th???m h???a. Hitler c??ng ki??n quy???t chi???n ?????u ????? v?????t qua s??? kh??ng c??? c???a ng?????i Nga th?? Luftwaffe c??ng suy y???u v?? m???t ??i ??u th??? tr??n kh??ng c???a m??nh tr?????c c??c cu???c t???n c??ng ng??y m???t nhi???u t??? ph??a Anh v?? M???. ?????n khi cu???c ????? b??? D-Day c???a ?????ng minh v??o Normandie (06/1944) n??? ra, Luftwaffe ch??? c??n l?? ???b??? x????ng kh??.???
C??ch tri???t ti??u c??c Thi??n ???????ng thu???
Ngu???n: Bradford DeLong & Micheal DeLong, ???Sunlight on Tax Havens???, Project Syndicate, 28/09/2015.
Bi??n d???ch: Ninh Th??? Thanh H?? | Hi???u ????nh: L?? H???ng Hi???p
C??c thi??n ???????ng thu??? ???????c thi???t k??? m???t c??ch k??n ????o v?? ??t minh b???ch. To??n b??? l?? do cho s??? t???n t???i c???a nh???ng thi??n ???????ng n??y l?? ????? che gi???u ?????ng c???a c???i ??ang ???????c ?????t ????u ???? b??n trong ch??ng. V?? cu???n s??ch m???i c???a Gabriel Zucman, c?? t???a ????? C???a c???i c???t gi???u c???a c??c qu???c gia: Tai ho??? thi??n ???????ng thu??? (The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens),l???n ?????u ti??n ti???t l??? vai tr?? c???a ch??ng l???n ?????n ????u trong n???n kinh t??? to??n c???u.
Zucman ki???m tra s??? ch??nh l???ch trong c??c t??i kho???n thanh to??n qu???c t??? ????? cung c???p nh???ng s??? li???u ch??nh x??c v?? ????ng tin c???y nh???t c?? th??? c?? ???????c v??? s??? ti???n ???????c c???t tr??? t???i c??c thi??n ???????ng thu???. ??ng ?????c t??nh kho???ng 8% c???a c???i ti???n b???c c???a th??? gi???i ??? t????ng ??????ng 7,6 ngh??n t??? ???? la M??? ??? ???????c gi???u t???i nh???ng n??i nh?? Th???y S???, Bermuda, Qu???n ?????o Cayman, Singapore, v?? Luxembourg. Con s??? n??y c??n nhi???u h??n s??? c???a c???i s??? h???u b???i n???a s??? d??n ngh??o kh?? trong s??? 7,4 t??? ng?????i tr??n th??? gi???i.
Con s??? tr??n c?? h??? qu??? quan tr???ng v?? n?? ?????i di???n cho s??? ti???n m?? ????ng l??? ph???i ???????c t??nh thu???. N???u nh???ng n?????c gi??u c?? ??? ch??u ??u v?? B???c M??? kh??ng th??? ????nh thu??? ng?????i gi??u m???t c??ch hi???u qu???, h??? kh?? m?? b???o ?????m ???????c n???n d??n ch??? x?? h???i v?? l??m gi???m ph???n n??o s??? b???t b??nh ?????ng s??u s???c v???n g???n ????y ??ang ???nh h?????ng ?????n n???n kinh t??? c???a h???. T????ng t??? nh?? th???, c??c n???n kinh t??? m???i n???i c??ng c?? ??t hy v???ng th???c hi???n ???????c h??? th???ng thu??? l??y ti???n n???u h??? kh??ng th??? t??m ???????c c???a c???i c???a nh???ng nh?? t??i phi???t.
Ch???c ch???n l?? cu???n s??ch c???a Zucman d???a tr??n gi??? thi???t ch??a ???????c ch???ng minh l?? c?? th??? t??m ???????c nh???ng s??? li???u quan tr???ng trong d??? li???u th?????ng ???????c ph??n lo???i trong m???c ???l???i v?? s??t???. Nh??ng c?? nguy??n nh??n h???p l?? ????? tin t?????ng r???ng s??? li???u c???a ??ng l?? ????ng. Ng??n h??ng Trung ????ng Th???y S??? c??ng b??? ch??? ri??ng t???i c??c ng??n h??ng c???a n?????c n??y, ng?????i n?????c ngo??i n???m gi??? 2.400 t??? ???? la. V?? trong khi Th???y S??? c?? l??? l?? thi??n ???????ng thu??? l??u ?????i nh???t, ????y kh??ng ph???i l?? n??i thu???n l???i nh???t ????? ng?????i ta c???t ti???n.
M???t l?? do t???i sao c??c thi??n ???????ng thu??? l???i kh?? d???p b??? l?? b???i kh??ng ph???i t???t c??? m???i th??nh vi??n trong ch??nh ph??? ?????u nh???t thi???t nh??n nh???n ch??ng gi???ng nhau. B???t c??? ????u m?? tham nh??ng ??n s??u ??? nh?? ??? Nga, Trung Qu???c, v?? ph???n l???n Trung ????ng ??? nhi???u quan ch???c c?? th??? coi c??c thi??n ???????ng thu??? kh??ng ph???i l?? m???t v???n ????? v??? thu ng??n s??ch, m?? l?? m???t kh??a c???nh h???p d???n trong c??ng vi???c c???a m??nh.
Ngay c??? ??? M???, t???t c??? c??c ch??nh s??ch th?????ng xuy??n ???????c thi???t k??? m???t c??ch c?? t??nh to??n ????? cho ph??p ??? h??n l?? tri???t ti??u ??? vi???c tr???n thu??? th??ng qua c??c thi??n ???????ng thu???. Theo c??ch n??i c???a m???t c???u quan ch???c c???p cao d?????i th???i T???ng th???ng George W. Bush: ???Suy cho c??ng th?? ????y l?? v???n ????? v??? t??? do???. S??? qu???n l?? l???ng l???o ???? l?? m???t nguy??n nh??n ch??nh trong vi???c vi???c doanh thu thu??? thu nh???p doanh nghi???p c???a M??? s???t gi???m 1/3 k??? t??? cu???i nh???ng n??m 1990.
Khi nh???c ?????n c??c thi??n ???????ng thu???, ng?????i ta th?????ng n??i l?? kh??ng th??? l??m ???????c g??. Ch??? quy???n qu???c gia qu?? quan tr???ng n??n kh??ng th??? b??? ?????t d?????i lu???t thu??? qu???c t??? ???????c. V?? nh???ng nh?? t??i phi???t ng??y nay ???????c xem l?? c?? ???nh h?????ng l???n ?????i v???i c??c ch??nh tr??? gia ???????c b???u c??ng nh?? c??c c??ng ch???c. H??n m???t th??? k??? tr?????c, th???ng ?????c bang New Jersey Woodrow Wilson l??c ???? ???? thuy???t ph???c c?? quan l???p ph??p ti???u bang ????? New Jersey ng???ng kh??ng c??n l??m thi??n ???????ng thu??? cho c??c doanh nghi???p n???a. Ngay khi ??i???u ???? tr??? th??nh hi???n th???c, c??c t???p ??o??n M??? ???? chuy???n tr??? s??? ????ng k?? kinh doanh c???a h??? t??? New Jersey sang bang l??ng gi???ng Delaware.
Nh??ng ??i???u nh???ng ng?????i cho r???ng ch??nh s??ch h???p t??c qu???c t??? l?? b???t kh??? thi kh??ng n??i ra ???? l?? ch??nh s??ch h???p t??c qu???c t??? l??c n??o c??ng c?? v??? kh?? ?????t ???????c cho ?????n khi c??c ??i???u ki???n thay ?????i m???t c??ch b???t ng??? v?? m???i th??? b???t ?????u ????u v??o ????. C??c thi??n ???????ng thu??? c?? th??? b??? tri???t ti??u v???i ??i???u ki???n l?? c??c l??? h???ng ph??p l?? cho ph??p tr??nh thu??? h???p ph??p ph???i ???????c b???t l???i v?? c?? c??c c?? ch??? th???c thi khi???n cho vi???c tr???n thu??? kh??ng c??n ????ng ???????c m???o hi???m th???c hi???n n???a.
B?????c ?????u ti??n n??n l?? t??ng s??? minh b???ch. Nh?? ng?????i ta th?????ng n??i ?????nh s??ng m???t tr???i l?? thu???c di???t khu???n t???t nh???t???. V??? ph???n m??nh, Zucman nghi??ng v??? m???t danh b??? th???ng nh???t to??n c???u ??? m???t c?? s??? d??? li???u c??ng khai cung c???p chi ti???t v??? vi???c s??? h???u c??c c??ng c??? t??i ch??nh m?? c??ng ch??ng c?? th??? truy c???p ???????c.
B?????c th??? hai s??? l?? d???ch chuy???n c?? s??? t??nh thu??? thu nh???p doanh nghi???p t??? d???a tr??n l???i nhu???n ???????c b??o c??o ki???m ???????c t???i m???t n?????c sang d???a tr??n doanh thu v?? ti???n l????ng chi tr??? ??? qu???c gia ????. Nh?? Zucman ???? ch??? ra, m???t t???p ??o??n c?? th??? di chuy???n tr??? s??? ch??nh v?? s??? d???ng c??c c?? ch??? nh?? chuy???n gi?? ????? d???ch chuy???n g??nh n???ng thu???, nh??ng ????? d???ch chuy???n nh??n vi??n c???a m??nh qua bi??n gi???i l?? vi???c kh?? h??n nhi???u, v?? h??? c??ng kh??ng th??? d???ch chuy???n kh??ch h??ng c???a m??nh.
N???u ch??ng ta mu???n ch???ng l???i s??? b???t b??nh ?????ng m???t c??ch hi???u qu??? th?? ????nh thu??? l??y ti???n m???t c??ch ????ng ?????n c???n tr??? th??nh m???t ph???n c???a g??i ch??nh s??ch. Nh??ng n???u ch??ng ta kh??ng tri???t ti??u c??c thi??n ???????ng thu??? ngay b??y gi??? th?? ch??ng ta s??? nh???n ra kh??ng th??? th???c thi ???????c m???t ch??nh s??ch nh?? th???.
Bradford Delong l?? gi??o s?? ng??nh kinh t??? h???c t???i ?????i h???c California, Berkeley, v?? l?? nghi??n c???u vi??n t???i V??n ph??ng Qu???c gia v??? Nghi??n c???u Kinh t???. ??ng c??ng l?? Ph?? Tr??? l?? B??? tr?????ng T??i ch??nh d?????i th???i T???ng th???ng Clinton, giai ??o???n ??ng ???? tham gia r???t nhi???u v??o c??c cu???c ????m ph??n v??? ng??n s??ch v?? th????ng m???i.
Micheal M. DeLong l?? nh?? t??? ch???c c???ng ?????ng cho t??? ch???c Ceasefire Oregon.
Copyright: Project Syndicate 2015 ??? Sunlight on Tax Havens

Nghi??n c???u Qu???c t??? g???i b???n b??o.
P/v