Ch??m nho n???i gi???n

Thứ bảy - 07/12/2019 02:50

John Steinbeck - t??c gi??? ???Ch??m nho n???i gi???n???John Steinbeck, nh?? v??n M??? ??o???t gi???i Nobel n??m 1962, l?? m???t ti???u thuy???t gia, t??c gi??? truy???n ng???n, nh?? vi???t k???ch n???i ti???ng. Nh??ng ??ng ???????c bi???t ?????n nhi???u nh???t v???i cu???n ti???u thuy???t ???Ch??m nho n???i gi???n??? - m???t t??c ph???m kinh ??i???n c???a v??n h???c nh??n lo???i th??? k??? 20, c?? t???m ???nh h?????ng s??nh ngang v???i ???T??p l???u b??c Tom??? c???a Harriet Beecher Stowe.

John Steinbeck - t??c gi??? ???Ch??m nho n???i gi???n???

John Steinbeck, nh?? v??n M??? ??o???t gi???i Nobel n??m 1962, l?? m???t ti???u thuy???t gia, t??c gi??? truy???n ng???n, nh?? vi???t k???ch n???i ti???ng. Nh??ng ??ng ???????c bi???t ?????n nhi???u nh???t v???i cu???n ti???u thuy???t ???Ch??m nho n???i gi???n??? - m???t t??c ph???m kinh ??i???n c???a v??n h???c nh??n lo???i th??? k??? 20, c?? t???m ???nh h?????ng s??nh ngang v???i ???T??p l???u b??c Tom??? c???a Harriet Beecher Stowe. H?? Linh -

Nh?? v??n John Steinbeck. (britannica)

John Steinbeck sinh ng??y 27/2/1902 t???i Salinas, California. M???nh ?????t ch??n rau c???t r???n n??y v??? sau ???? tr??? th??nh b???i c???nh trong r???t nhi???u t??c ph???m c???a ??ng. B??? c???a Steinbeck l?? m???t th??? qu???, nh?? v??n th???a h?????ng t??nh y??u s??ch v??? t??? ng?????i m??? l?? m???t gi??o vi??n. Ngay t??? ng??y c??n tr???, Steinbeck ???? ch???u ???nh h?????ng m???nh m??? t??? nh???ng t??c ph???m nh?? T???i ??c v?? h??nh ph???t (Crime and Punishment - Dostoevsky) hay Thi??n ???????ng ???? m???t (Paradise Lost - John Milton).
Cu???c s???ng th???i tr??? c???a Steinbeck kh?? v???t v???. Ng??y c??n l?? h???c sinh trung h???c, ??ng ph???i tranh th??? l??m th??m t???i c??c n??ng tr???i trong nh???ng k??? ngh???. T??? 1920 ?????n 1926, Steinbeck h???c ng??nh sinh v???t bi???n t???i ?????i h???c Stanford nh??ng kh??ng t???t nghi???p. Ch??ng sinh vi??n tr??? l??c n??y ch??? ch??m ch???m v??o nh???ng k??? ho???ch tr??? th??nh nh?? v??n. R???t nhi???u b??i th?? v?? truy???n ng???n th???i k??? ?????u c???a ??ng ???????c xu???t b???n t???i tr?????ng ?????i h???c.
Sau m???t th???i gian l??n New York v???a lao ?????ng ch??n tay v???a l??m ph??ng vi??n cho t??? American, Steinbeck tr??? v??? California. T???i ????y, ??ng v???a vi???t s??ch, v???a l??m t???t c??? nh???ng c??ng vi???c n???ng nh???c ????? ki???m s???ng nh?? th??? n???, c??ng nh??n n??ng nghi???p??? Trong th???i gian l??m b???o v??? cho m???t t??a nh?? ??? High Sierra, Steinbeck ???? vi???t cu???n ti???u thuy???t ?????u tay Cup of Gold (Chi???c c??p v??ng - 1929). Tr??i v???i t??n g???i c???a n??, Chi???c c??p v??ng kh??ng mang l???i vinh quang cho nh?? v??n, th???m ch?? NXB c??n kh??ng thu h???i n???i kho???n ti???n 250 USD ?????u t?? ????? ph??t h??nh cu???n s??ch.
?????u nh???ng n??m 1930, Steinbeck g???p Edward Ricketts - m???t nh?? sinh v???t bi???n n???i ti???ng. Steinbeck ch???u ???nh h?????ng l???n t??? nh???ng quan ni???m c???a Ricketts v??? s??? t????ng tr??? l???n nhau gi???a c??c lo??i sinh v???t s???ng. Bi???n Cortez - cu???n ti???u thuy???t vi???t n??m 1941 - l?? k???t qu??? c???a chuy???n th??m hi???m v??ng v???nh California c???a ??ng v?? Ricketts.

M???t c???nh trong phim "Ch??m nho n???i gi???n". (starpulse)

N??m 1933, Steinbeck xu???t b???n To a god unknown (G???i v??? Th?????ng ????? kh??ng quen bi???t) - m???t t??c ph???m m?? ??ng bi???t tr?????c l?? s??? kh??ng m???y thu h??t ???????c s??? quan t??m c???a d?? lu???n.
2 cu???n ti???u thuy???t ?????u ti??n c???a Steinbeck ra ?????i v?? ch??m d???n v??o im l???ng. Ph???i ?????n n??m 1935, khi xu???t b???n Tortilla Flat (M???t b??nh m??? ng??), nh?? v??n m???i ???????c bi???t ?????n tr??n v??n ????n. C??ng v???i s??? kh???i s???c trong s??? nghi???p, t??nh h??nh t??i ch??nh c???a ??ng c??ng ???????c c???i thi???n ????ng k???. N???u nh?? tr?????c ????y, nh?? v??n ch??? ki???m ???????c 35 USD m???i tu???n th?? nay, v???i h???p ?????ng chuy???n th??? Tortilla Flat th??nh phim, Steinbeck c?? t???i h??ng ngh??n USD.
N??m 1936, Steinbeck ho??n th??nh cu???n ti???u thuy???t In Dubious Battle (Trong tr???n chi???n gi???ng co) k??? v??? cu???c b??i c??ng c???a 900 c??ng nh??n n??ng nghi???p d?????i s??? d???n d???t c???a Jim Nolan. Cu???c s???ng c??ng th???ng, kh???n kh?? c???a nh???ng ng?????i c??ng nh??n ???? ???????c nh??n v???t Jim Nolan gi??i b??y tr?????c gi??y ph??t l??a ?????i nh?? sau: ???Mac, t??i kh??ng bao gi??? c?? th???i gian d??nh cho nh???ng ??i???u nh??? nh???t kh??c, kh??ng bao gi???. T??i kh??ng bao gi??? ????? th?? th??? ????? ng???m nh???ng chi???c l?? r??i hay quan s??t xem m???i th??? xung quanh m??nh ???? di???n ra nh?? th??? n??o???.
N??m 1937, The Red Pony - m???t trong nh???ng t??c ph???m xu???t s???c c???a nh?? v??n ra ?????i. B???i c???nh c??u chuy???n di???n ra t???i n??ng tr???i Tiflin ??? thung l??ng Salinas. Hai ph???n ?????u c???a cu???n ti???u thuy???t - The Gift v?? The Great Mountains - ???????c ????ng r???i r??c tr??n North American Review t??? 1933. ?????n n??m 1937, t??c gi??? m???i ho??n th??nh 2 ph???n cu???i c???a cu???n s??ch - The Promise v?? The Leader of the People. T??c ph???m ???????c chuy???n th??? th??nh phim n??m 1949.
C??ng v???i The Red Pony, truy???n v???a C???a chu???t v?? ng?????i (Of Mice and Men) ???????c xu???t b???n v?? mang l???i cho Steinbeck nh???ng th??nh c??ng vang d???i. C???a chu???t v?? ng?????i l?? c??u chuy???n v??? George Milton v?? Lennia Small, hai ch??ng trai l??m c??ng cho m???t n??ng tr???i nh??ng lu??n nu??i kh??t v???ng m???t ng??y ???????c s??? h???u m???t n??ng tr???i ri??ng. George Milton nh??? b?? nh??ng kh??n ngoan v?? v?? c??ng tr???i ?????i, trong khi Lennia Small to kh???e nh??ng h??i thi???u n??ng v??? tr?? tu???. Anh y??u th??ch nh???ng g?? nh??? nh??ng, m???m m???i. H??? s???ng b??n nhau, y??u th????ng v?? b??nh v???c nhau tr?????c s??? kh???c nghi???t c???a cu???c s???ng v?? con ng?????i. Nh??ng r???i, Lenny b??? c?? con d??u l???ng l?? c???a ??ng ch??? tr???i ve v??n. Anh d???n d???n ???ng x??? v?????t ra ngo??i t???m ki???m so??t c???a George ch??? v?? mu???n ???????c m??n m?? g???u v??y v?? m??i t??c m???m m???i c???a ng?????i ph??? n???. M???t l???n, kh??ng ?? th???c ???????c h??nh ?????ng c???a m??nh, Lenny l??? tay b??? g??y c??? c?? con d??u v?? b??? tr???n. George ???? ??u???i theo v?? b???n ch???t Lenny tr?????c khi ??o??n ng?????i ??u???i b???t anh t??m ?????n. C??ng v???i vi???c gi???i tho??t cho ng?????i b???n ?????ng h??nh kh???i cu???c s???ng ????y ?????a v?? kh??? ???i, gi???c m?? gi???n d??? trong George c??ng ti??u tan. Nh??ng tr?????c khi ch???t, Lenny v???n tr??ng tr???i: ???H??y c??? l??n anh, ch??ng ta ph???i ?????n ???????c n??i m??nh m?? ?????c???. T??c ph???m ???????c Steinbeck chuy???n th??? th??nh v??? k???ch 3 h???i n??m 1937.
Ki???t t??c Ch??m nho n???i gi???n (The Grapes of Wrath) c???a Steinbeck xu???t b???n n??m 1939. T??c ph???m g???m 30 ch????ng, mi??u t??? nh???ng bi???n ?????i m???nh m??? trong ?????i s???ng n??ng th??n n?????c M??? nh???ng n??m ?????u th??? k??? 20 d?????i s??? ???nh h?????ng c???a n???n c??ng nghi???p h??a. Cu???n s??ch l?? c??u chuy???n v??? h??nh tr??nh ??i t??m vi???c v?? ki???m s???ng ?????y tai ????ng v?? b???t tr???c c???a gia ????nh ng?????i n??ng d??n Joad t??? mi???n ????ng ?????n mi???n T??y n?????c M???. Khi m???i ra ?????i, Ch??m nho n???i gi???n ???? khi???n cho ng??i ngh??? s?? M??? Lyle Boren ???n???i gi???n???, ??ng ????nh gi?? ????y l?? m???t t??c ph???m ???d???i tr??, ??en t???i v?? ????ng gh?? t???m xu???t ph??t t??? s??? nh???n th???c m??o m??, thi??n l???ch???. Sau ????, khi trao gi???i Nobel V??n h???c cho nh?? v??n, Vi???n H??n l??m g???i n?? ????n gi???n l?? ???m???t thi??n anh h??ng ca???.
Sau Ch??m nho n???i gi???n, Steinbeck c??n g???t h??i ???????c kh?? nhi???u th??nh c??ng trong s??? nghi???p, song cu???c s???ng ri??ng t?? c???a ??ng kh??ng m???y h???nh ph??c. Cu???c h??n nh??n ?????u ti??n k??o d??i 12 n??m gi???a ??ng v?? Carol Henning ch???m d???t n??m 1942. N??m sau, ??ng c?????i ca s?? Gwyndolyn Conger. H??? c?? hai ng?????i con Thomas v?? John. Cu???c s???ng v???i ng?????i v??? th??? hai n??y c??ng kh??ng m???y su??n s???, hai ng?????i ly d??? n??m 1949. N??m 1950, Steinbeck k???t h??n v???i Elaine Scott. Con trai ??ng, John th?????ng xuy??n ph???i nh???p vi???n v?? nghi???n codeine. V??o nh???ng n??m cu???i ?????i, anh n??y c??n nhi???m ph???i r?????u v?? ma t??y. Anh qua ?????i n??m 1991. Trong cu???n The Other Side of Eden (M???t tr??i c???a Thi??n ???????ng), anh ???? vi???t v??? ??ng b??? n???i ti???ng c???a m??nh nh?? sau: ???Nh???ng ngh??? s?? b???m n??ng thi??n t??i l???i kh??ng ph???i l?? nh???ng ??ng b???, b?? m??? gi???i giang. H??? coi m??nh l?? trung t??m c???a v?? tr??? v?? ?????i x??? kh???c nghi???t, kh??c th?????ng v???i con c??i. Con c??i c???a nh???ng thi??n t??i th?????ng ph???i t??? m??nh ch??m s??c l???y b???n th??n???.
Nh???ng n??m v??? gi??, nh?? v??n d??nh nhi???u th???i gian ????? ??i du l???ch n?????c ngo??i. Trong ???? c?? chuy???n ??i ?????n Vi???t Nam ????? vi???t v??? chi???n tranh. Kho???ng 10 n??m cu???i ?????i, ??ng vi???t ??t v?? h???u nh?? kh??ng c?? th??m ???????c t??c ph???m n??o c?? gi?? tr???.
(Ngu???n: T???ng h???p)