Phong v??? ca dao, d??n ca troang th?? T??? H???u

Chủ nhật - 31/03/2019 08:18

Nh??n t?????ng ni???m m?????i n??m m???t c???a nh?? th?? T??? H???u (1920 - 2002) T???p ch?? Th?? xin ???????c tr??n tr???ng g???i thi???u l???i b??i ti???u lu???n c???a GS, TS Nguy???n Ph?? Tr???ng ????? c???p m???t trong nh???ng c???ng hi???n l???n v??? thi ph??p c???a t??c gi??? T??? ???y, Vi???t B???c , Gi?? l???ng Vi???t Nam m??u v?? hoa...C??c nh?? ph?? b??nh v?? nghi??n c???u v??n h???c ???? n??i nh???u ?????n t??nh d??n t???c lu??n th???m ?????m trong m???i d??ng th?? T??? H???u, r???ng ch??nh ?????c ??i???m n??y khi???n th?? T??? H???u ???????c h??ng tri???u ng?????i thu???c n???m l??ng

Phong v??? ca dao, d??n ca troang th?? T??? H???u

PHONG V??? CA DAO, D??N CA TRONG TH?? T??? H???U (1)

                                                 NGUY???N PH?? TR???NG

     Nh??n t?????ng ni???m m?????i n??m m???t c???a nh?? th?? T??? H???u (1920 - 2002) T???p ch?? Th?? xin ???????c tr??n tr???ng g???i thi???u l???i b??i ti???u lu???n c???a GS, TS Nguy???n Ph?? Tr???ng ????? c???p m???t trong nh???ng c???ng hi???n l???n v??? thi ph??p c???a t??c gi??? T??? ???y, Vi???t B???c , Gi?? l???ng Vi???t Nam m??u v?? hoa...C??c nh?? ph?? b??nh v?? nghi??n c???u v??n h???c ???? n??i nh???u ?????n t??nh d??n t???c lu??n th???m ?????m trong m???i d??ng th?? T??? H???u, r???ng ch??nh ?????c ??i???m n??y khi???n th?? T??? H???u ???????c h??ng tri???u ng?????i thu???c n???m l??ng ???? tr??? th??nh m???t s???c m???nh tinh th???n l???n lao trong cu???c ?????u tranh gi??nh l???y v?? gi??? g??n T??? do ?????c l???p cho T??? qu???c.
   Ti???u lu???n n??y ???? ???????c t??c gi??? Nguy???n Ph?? Tr???ng vi???t t??? h??n b???n m????i n??m tr?????c, song c?? l??? gi??? ????y v???n c??n mang ?? ngh??a s??u s???c v???i ch??ng ta trong ti???n tr??nh ph??t tri???n v?? ?????nh h?????ng cho th?? h??m nay.


                  Th?? T??? H???u c?? nhi???u b??i, nhi???u ??o???n c?? d??ng d???p v?? phong v??? c???a th?? ca d??n gian. Ho???c ???? l?? b??i Voi c?? "vang d???i ti???ng h?? c???a ng????iii???i k??o g???" guy???n ????nh Thi - (M???y v???n ????? v??n h???c) hay ???? l?? b??i B???m ??i "m???t b??i ca dao thu???c l??ng r???t d??? d??ng" (Xu??n Di???u - Tr?? chuy???n v???i c??c b???n l??m th?? tr???)). C??c b??i Vi???t B???c v?? B?? b??? "k??? th???a s??ng t???o v?? s??u s???c v???n c??? ??i???n v?? v???n d??n gian" (Ch??? Lan Vi??n - L???i n??i ?????u t???p th?? T??? H???u; b??i B?? m??? Vi???t B???c, L?????m" ?????c l??n nghe ph???ng ph???t nh??? l???i nh???ng b??i h??t v?? k??? chuy???n c???a qu???n ch??ng" (Ho??ng Trung Th??ng - Ch???ng ???????ng m???i c???a v??n h???c ch??ng ta); b??i Tr??n d??ng H????ng Giang Ph?? ???????ng, Tr?????ng t??i "K???t c???u theo l???i ?????i ????p c???a ca dao d??n ca" (Cao Huy ?????nh) - T???p ch?? V??n h???c s??? 9 - 1966) v.v... N??i m???t cachs kh??c trong th?? c???a m??nh, T??? H???u ???? ch???u nhi???u ???nh h?????ng c???a s??ng t??c d??n gian.
Go-r??-ki t???ng n??i:"Nh?? v??n kh??ng bi???t ?????n v??n h???c d??n gian l?? m???t nh?? v??n t???i". Ka-li-nin n??i:"Nh???ng t??c ph???m ??u tuscuar c??c nh?? th?? v??? ?????i ??? t???t c??? c??c n?????c ?????u b???t ngu???n t??? kho t??ng qu?? b??u c???a c??c s??ng t??c t???p th??? trong d??n gian. H???c t???p v?? k??? th???a truy???n th???ng v??n h???c d??n gian l?? m???t ??i???u t???i c???n thi???t, v?? l?? l??? s???ng c???a v??n h???c d??n t???c. B???i v?? kh??ng c??n nghi ng??? g?? n???a, n???n v??n h???c d??n gian l?? nh???ng g?? nh??n d??n ????? l???i truy???n t???ng h??ng bao th??? k???, l?? h??nh th???c cao nh???t hay nh???t l?? thi??n t??i nh???t" (1). T???i h???i ngh??? tranh lu???n v??n ngh??? ??? Vi???t B???c h???i cu??? n??m 1949 T??? H???u ???? n??i: "Vi???c nghi??n c???u c??i hay nh???t c???a v??n ngh??? c??? truy???n gi??p cho s??? ph??t tri???n d??n t???c t??nh c???a v??n ngh???, gi??p cho v??n ngh??? s?? d??? ?????i ch??ng h??a, v?? ?????i ch??ng ch??nh l?? nh???ng k??? v???n t???i c??i hay ???y qua c??c th???i ?????i, n??n h???c r???t d??? d??n ?????i tr?????c r???t quen thu???c v???i h???".
Sau ????y ch??ng t??i mu???n t??m hi???u ???nh h?????ng c???a ca dao d??n ca trong th?? T??? H???u, xem T??? H???u ???? h???c t???p v?? k??? th???a v???n c?? nh?? th??? n??o?
   ?????c b??i Vi???t B???c c???a T??? H???u ch??ng ta nh?? ???????c ?????c m???t b??i ca dao d??i ???????c ch???ng ki???n m???t bu???i sinh ho???t d??n ca trong ???? c?? l???i h??t ti???n ????a nhau c???a m???t ????i trai g??i. ????i trai g??i ???y y??u nhau tha thi???t h??n b???t c??? ????i trai g??i n??o y??u nhau. T??? c???nh chia ly ?????n n???i nh??? nhung, t??? ??i???u t??m s??? nh???c nh??? ?????n n???i ?????c mong h?? h???n...?????u in r?? d???u v???t c???a l???i h??t nam n??? trong ca dao, d??n ca. Nh??ng c?? th???t ????y l?? m???t ????i trai g??i n??o kh??ng? Kh??ng h???n nh?? v???y, T??? H???u m?????n m???i t??nh n???ng n??n th???m thi???t c???a m???t ????i trai g??i trong ca dao, d??n ca ????? n??i ?????n ngh??a t??nh keo s??n g???n b?? c???a ng?????i c??n b??? c??ch m???ng ?????i v???i nh??n d??n, ?????i v???i kh??ng chi???n, c??? th??? l?? ?????i v???i chi???n khu Vi???t B???c. T??? H???u ???? s??? d???ng d??n ca ????? nh???n nh??? nh???ng ng?????i c??n b??? ?????ng bao gi??? v?? nh???ng ng??y h?????ng h??a b??nh sung s?????ng gi???a Th??? ???? m?? qu??n " nh???ng khi gi???c ?????n, gi???c l??ng, r???ng c??y n??i ???? ta c??ng ????nh T??y"; qu??n nh???ng ng??y gian kh??? kh??ng chi???n. T??? H???u c??ng mu???n kh???ng ?????nh t??nh ??o??n k???t kh??ng kh??t gi???a ?????ng b??o mi???n xu??i v?? nh??n d??n mi???n ng?????c...B??i th?? m??? ra h??ng lo???t v???n ????? th???i s???, ch??nh tr??? c???a th???i ?????i m?? kh??ng c???ng nh???c, kh?? khan. Phong v??? th?? ca d??n gian ???? l??m cho ?? th?? k??n ????o, t??nh ngh??a ?????m ????, l???i th?? sinh ?????ng v?? b??ng b???y.
?????c hai c??u:
M??nh v???, m??nh c?? nh??? ta
Ta v??? ta nh??? nh???ng hoa c??ng ng?????i
Ta kh??ng kh???i nh??? t???i c??u ca dao:
M??nh v??? c?? nh??? ta ch??ng
Ta v??? ta nh??? h??m r??ng m??nh c?????i
Trong ca dao c?? r???t nhi???u Ta v?? M??nh:
M??nh nh??? ta nh?? c?? nh??? mu???i
Ta nh??? m??nh nh?? cu???i nh??? tr??ng
Hay l??:
M??nh v??? ta ch???ng cho v???...
M??nh ??i ta h???i th???c minh...
Trong b??i Vi???t B???c T??? H???u c??ng s??? d???ng nhi???u Ta v???i M??nh. C?? th??? n??i nh??n v???t ch??nh c???a b??i th?? l?? Ta v?? M??nh. Ta - M??nh, M??nh - Ta c??? xo???n xu??t v???i nhau, quy???n l???n v??o nhau nh?? kh??ng n??? r???i nh?? t??nh kh??ng b??o gi??? d???t:
Ta v???i m??nh m??nh v???i ta
L??ng ta sau tr?????c m???n m?? ??inh ninh.
    M??nh v???i Ta trong ca dao th?????ng l?? c??ch x??ng h?? c???a nh???ng ch??ng trai c?? g??i, nh???ng ????i l???a y??u th????ng. M?? ???? l?? t??nh y??u trai g??i th?? h???n l?? tha thi???t s??i n???i, n???ng n??n m?? s???t ????. Ng?????i ta ???? b???o:
Y??u nhau m???y n??i c??ng tr??o
M???y s??ng c??ng l???i m???y ????o c??ng qua.
T??? H???u d??ng Ta v?? M??nh c???a ca dao ????? t?????ng tr??ng cho m???i t??nh c???a ng?????i c??n b??? kh??ng chi???n ?????i v???i chi???n khu Vi???t B???c c???a ?????ng b??o mi???n xu??i ?????i v???i ?????ng b??o mi???n ng?????c th?? ta hi???u m???i t??nh ???y kh??ng kh??t v?? s??u s???c ?????n m???c n??o. M??nh v?? Ta trong th?? T??? H???u c??ng c?? m???t t??nh c???m s??u s???c m??nh li???t nh?? M??nh v?? Ta trong ca dao truy???n th???ng, nh??ng M??nh v?? Ta trong th?? T??? H???u mang t??nh ch???t th???i ?????i m???i, c?? ?? ngh??a x?? h???i cao h??n. R?? r??ng nh??n v???t trong b??i th?? c?? nhi???u n??t c???a nh??n v???t trong ca dao d??n ca (2)
???? l?? nh???ng ki???u x??ng h?? b??ng gi??. T??? H???u c??n th??nh c??ng trong c??? vi???c x??y d???ng t???ng nh??n v???t c??? th??? c??ch mi??u t??? t???ng con ng?????i ri??ng bi???t. T??? H???u ???? h???c t???p ca dao ????? n??i v??? nh???ng nh??n v???t trong ?????i s???ng hi???n ?????i. ??? b??i Ph?? ???????ng ch??ng ta th???y t??nh c??ch c???a ng?????i ph??? n??? B???c Giang c?? dangs d???p ng?????i ph??? n??? trong ca dao. ???? l?? ng?????i ph??? n??? v???t v??? ?????m ??ang, t???n t???o nu??i ch???ng, nu??i con:
Nh?? em ph??i l??a ch??a kh??
Ng?? ch???a v??o b???, s???n th??i ch??a xong
Nh?? em con b???, con b???ng...
Trong r???t nhi???u b??i, T??? H???u ch?? ?? ?????n c??ch x??y d???ng nh??n v???t nh?? th???. ???? l?? nh???ng nh??n v???t k??? th???a ???????c nh???ng truy???n th???ng t???t ?????p c???a d??n t???c, v???a mang nh???ng ?????c ??i???m c???a th???i ?????i M???t em L?????m, m???t ch??? ph??? n???a ph?? ???????ng, m???t anh v??? qu???c qu??n m???t b?? m??? Su???t...L?? s??? kh??i qu??t nh???ng ?????c t??nh t???t ?????p x??a nay c???a ng?????i Vi???t Nam c???a d??n t???c Vi???t Nam. N???i ??au c???a m???t b?? m??? Vi???t B???c, s??? v???t v??? c???c nh???c c???a m???t b?? b???m, nh???ng ????m tr???n tr???c nh??? th????ng con c???a m???t b?? b???, t??nh t??nh d???u ng???t c???a m???t b?? m??? x??? Hu???, c??i gan g??c d???n d??y c???a m???t b?? m??? Su???t, s??? hi sinh ??m th???m v?? ?????i c???a m???t b?? m?? H???u Giang hay m???t b?? m??? T??m v.v...t???t c??? ?????u l?? "nh???ng tr??i tim nh?? ng???c s??ng ng???i", t???t c??? ?????u l?? s??? ph??t tri???n ?????n ho??n h???o nh???ng n??t t???t ?????p nh???t c???a c??c b?? m??? Vi???t Nam b?? m??? ngh??o kh???, hi???n t??? y??u ch???ng, th????ng con r???t m???c nh??ng c??ng y??u n?????c h???t l??ng, s???n s??ng hi sinh, hy sinh t???t c??? nh???ng g?? qu?? gi?? nh???t v?? c??ch m???ng.
Nh???ng con ng?? ???? r???t quen th??n g???n g???i m?? c??ng r???t m???i, r???t ri??ng m?? c??ng r???t chung. T??? H???u ???? ti???p thu ca dao, d??n ca, s??? d???ng nh???ng y???u t??? truy???n th???ng c???a ca dao, d??n ca, ????? kh???c h???a s??u h??n, ????ng h??n h??n t??nh c??ch c???a nh???ng con ng?????i hi???n ?????i. Nh??n v???t trong th?? T??? H???u ???? k??? t???c v?? ph??t tri???n ???????c t??nh c??ch c???a nh??n v???t trong ca dao, d??n ca theo tinh th???n m???i c???a th???i ?????i. Nh?? th?? ???? lu??n lu??n g???n nh??n v???t v???i th???i ?????i, t??nh c???m c?? nh??n v???i t??nh c???m t???p th??? l??m t??ng th??m ?? ngh??a x?? h???i trong b???n ch???t con ng?????i truy???n th???ng.
Trong th?? T??? H???u, ta c??n b???t g???p h??ng lo???t c??u theo ki???u c???a ca dao d??n ca truy???n th???ng.
Nh?? l???i m??? ?????u:

Em l?? con g??i B???c Giang...
Ch??m cha ba ?????a ????nh phu...
Ch??m cha c??i l?? th???c d??n..

nh?? ki???u v?? von:

D?? ai n??i ng??? n??i nghi??ng...

L??ng ta v???n v???ng nh?? ki???ng ba ch??n...

M??a bao nhi??u h???t th????ng b???m b???y nhi??u...
Ngu???n bao nhi??u n?????c ngh??a t??nh b???y nhi??u...
Th????ng m??nh th????ng m???t th????ng ??ng th????ng m?????i...

hay l???i n??i c???a th??nh ng???:

Ng???t b??i nh??? l??c ?????ng cay...
?????i ta g????ng v??? l???i l??nh
C??ng t???c n?????c c??ng xui b??? v???.
L??ng d??n ta nh?? l???a th??m d???u.
???? leo ?????ng c???ng, l???i l??n ?????ng ?????u.
Chim treo tr??n l???a, c?? n???m d?????i dao v.v...

R???i ng??n ng???, th??? th??, k???t c???u nh???p ??i???u, c??c bi???n ph??p tr??ng ??i???p c??ch k??? t??n c??c ?????a ph????ng hay s???n ph???m ?????a ph????ng...T??? H???u ?????u c??? g???ng n??i theo c??ch n??i c???a c??c t??c gi??? d??n gian. V?? ??? ????y c??ng c?? s??? s??ng t???o c???a nh?? th??. T??nh ch???t c??? truy???n ???? nh???p v??o t??nh ch???t hi???n ?????i, b??? sung cho t??nh ch???t hi???n ?????i.
Ta h??y tr??? l???i v???i ??o???n ?????u c???a b??i th?? Ph?? ???????ng "Em l?? con g??i B???c Giang" m???i ch??? l?? c??u x??ng danh, c??u t??? g???i thi???u th?????ng th???y trong ca dao x??a:

Em l?? con g??i ?????ng trinh...
Em l?? con g??i Ph??? T???...
Em l?? con g??i Ph???ng Thi??n..
Em l??...

C??u th?? ????a ta v??? v???i phong c??ch d??n gian g???i cho ta nh???ng n??t c??? truy???n c???a d??n t???c. Nh??ng ?????n c??u sau:
R??t th?? m???c r??t n?????c l??ng em lo
t??? th?? ??? h???n ra, n??i l??n tinh th???n h??ng h??i l??ng y??u n?????c n???ng n??n c???a ng?????i ph??? n??? Vi???t Nam m???i, ng?????i ph??? n??? hi???n ?????i.
L???i ?????n:
Nh?? em ph??i l??a ch??a kh??
Ng?? ch???a v??o b???, s???n th??i ch??a xong
Nh?? em con b??? con b???ng...
????y l?? l???i ph?? di???n trong ca dao c???:

Nh?? em c??ng vi???c b??? b??
Nh?? em l???m ru???ng nhi???u tr??u...

"Nh?? em" r???t v???t v???, neo ????n, vi???c l??m b??? b???n. Nh??ng v???t m???t c??i:
Em c??ng theo ch???ng ??i ph?? ???????ng quan.
Th??? l?? ch??? v???i m???y c??u th?? m?? ta ???? th???y t??nh ch???t truy???n th???ng - hi???n ?????i hi???n ?????i - truy???n th???ng c??? xen k??? l???n nhau ??an d???t v??o nhau, g???n b?? ch???t ch???. Th?? l?? m???t th??? th???ng nh???t v?? ho??n ch???nh. T??nh ch???t truy???n th???ng - hi???n ?????i n???m ngay trong t???ng c??u, t???ng v??? nh???. Ng??n ng??? c???a ??o???n th?? l?? th??? ng??n ng??? b??nh d??? m?? th??ng t???m x?? h???i. K???t c???u c???a ??o???n th?? l?? l???i k???t c???u tr??ng ??i???p, s??? vi???c n???i ti???p s??? vi???c, d???n d???p c??ng th???ng, ki???u nh??:
Ng??y ng??y em ?????ng em tr??ng
Tr??ng non non ng???t, tr??ng s??ng, s??ng d??i.
Tr??ng m??y, m??y k??o ngang tr???i
Tr??ng tr??ng, tr??ng khuy???t, tr??ng ng?????i, ng?????i xa.
Hay nh?? m???y c??u sau ????y trong b??i Vi???t B???c th?? kh??ng ch??? l?? th??, m?? c??n l?? nh???ng c??u ca dao m???i, nh???ng c??u ca dao hi???n ?????i:
Mu???i Th??i B??nh ng?????c H?? Giang
C??y b???a ????ng Xu???t m??a ???????ng t???nh Thanh
Ai v??? mua v???i H????ng Canh
Ai l??n m??nh g???i cho anh v???i n??ng
Chi???u Nga S??n, g???ch B??t Tr??ng
V???i t?? Nam ?????nh, l???a h??ng H?? ????ng.
T??? H???u h???c t???p v?? v???n d???ng l???i k??? t??n ?????a ph????ng c???a ca dao ????? mi??u t??? cu???c s???ng m???i ????? ti??n ??o??n ra c??i c???nh ?????i thay t??ng b???ng, t???p n???p r???n r?? c???a ?????t n?????c sau ng??y ???????c gi???i ph??ng v?? s??? ti???n l??n ch??? ngh??a x?? h???i. R?? r??ng l?? nh???ng c??u th?? hi???n ?????i v???i c???nh s???ng hi???n ?????i m?? v???n c?? gi???ng nh???ng c??u ca dao truy???n th???ng:
...Gi?? ????a c??nh tr??c la ????
Ti???ng chu??ng Tr???n V??, canh g?? Th??? X????ng...
....Ch??ng ??i nh??? ch??o l??ng Gh???
Nh??? c??m Ph??? M??a nh??? ch?? ????ng Vi??n.
R???t nhi???u y???u t??? trong th?? ca d??n gian ???? ???????c T??? H???u s??? d???ng nh?? nh???ng bi???n ph??p ngh??? thu???t. Ch???ng h???n nh?? ti???ng h??t ru...
Trong cu???n T???c ng??? v?? d??n ca Vi???t Nam V?? Ng???c Phan c?? vi???t: "H??t ru em l?? m???t lo???i d??n ca ph??? bi???n kh???p trong n?????c, m???i mi???n h??t m???t c??ch kh??c nhau nh??ng c??c ??i???u h??t ?????u ng??n nga ??m ??i". H??t ru th?????ng g??y cho ch??ng ta l??c c??n th?? ???u nh???ng c???m x??c m???nh nh???t. T??? H???u v???n ???????c l???n l??n trong ti???ng h??t ru ng???t ??m c???a ng?????i m??? hi???n x??? Hu???, h???n th?? T??? H???u l?? m???t h???n th?? tr??? t??nh. T??? H???u th?????ng hay nh???c ?????n ti???ng h??t ru, ti???ng h??t "nh??? th????ng", " nh?? nh???":
Ti???ng h??t ????u m?? nghe nh??? th????ng
M??i nh?? man m??c n?????c s??ng H????ng
H?? ??i ti???ng m??? ru nh?? nh???...
- H??t cho con nghe nh?? ti???ng m??? ng??y x??a...
- S??ng v??ng quanh nh?? ????i c??nh tay tr??n
??m con nh??? ru trong l??ng m??t r?????u...

Ti???ng th????ng nh?? ti???ng m??? ru nh???ng ng??y...

V?? nh?? th?? ???? tr??? ??i, tr??? l???i nhi???u l???n v???i th??? h??t ru. Ta nghe ti???ng ?? ??i c???a ng?????i trong b??i b?? ru ch??u trong b??i C?? n?????c haay ti???ng m??? ru con trong b??i Ph?? ???????ng, ?????i ?????i nh??? ??ng, Ti???ng ru. T??? H???u ???? b???ng l???i h??t ru m?? tr??? v??? v???i sinh ho???t quen thu???c c???a qu???n ch??ng ?????ng th???i ??em ?????n cho h??? m???t t??nh c???m m???i m???, l??nh m???nh. T??nh qu??n d??n v?? tinh th???n kh??ng chi???n trong C?? n?????c Ph?? ???????ng; tinh th???n t???p th??? x?? h???i ch??? ngh??a, ch???ng ch??? ngh??a c?? nh??n trong Ti???ng ru, l??ng y??u k??nh l??nh t??? , tinh th???n qu???c t??? v?? s???n trong ?????i ?????i nh??? ??ng... t???t c??? ?????u kh??ng xa l??? v???i h???. Ch??nh v?? th??? m?? ti???ng ru ??? ????y l???i vui vui h??? h???i, kh??ng c??n c??i gi???ng ng???m ng??i c???a nh???ng con ng?????i ph???i s???ng c???nh "m??o gi?? ??n v???ng, m??o ???m ph???i ????n, m??o con ph???i v???..." h???n h???n t???i t???i nh?? ng??y x??a n???a, v?? c??ng kh??ng ph???i l??:
Ti???ng m??? ru x??a ch???ng ch???t ?????ng cay
Trong ????i m???t th???c ????m d??i th??m th???m (3)
H??nh th???c h??t ru l??m cho n???i dung m???i tr??? th??nh t???t y??u ph???i c?? g???n b?? m???t thi???t v???i ?????i s???ng t??nh c???m c???a nh??n d??n. N?? nh?? nh???ng chuy???n th?????ng t??nh - chuy???n "c??y c???y" , ra ch??? b??n ch??, b??n cau" chuy???n "th????ng cha th????ng m???, th????ng ch???ng - t??? ?????i n???o, ?????i n??o trong ?????i s???ng v?? t??nh c???m c???a cha ??ng ch??ng ta. N?? nh?? ???? th??nh m??u, th??nh th???t trong con ng?????i ta. C??i cao xa ??ang tr??? th??nh g???n g???i, c??i m???i l??? ??ang tr??? th??nh quen thu???c. T??nh c???m gia ????nh quy???n v???i t??nh c???m x?? h???i c??i ri??ng h??a v??o c??i chung, t?? t?????ng c??ch m???ng d??? h??a ra m???t n???p ngh?? h???n nhi??n:
Th????ng cha, th????ng m???, th????ng ch???ng
Th????ng m??nh th????ng m???t, th????ng ??ng, th????ng m?????i
Y??u con y??u n?????c, y??u ?????i
Y??u bao nhi??u l???i y??u ng?????i b???y nhi??u.
Nh?? ti???ng ru c???a T??? H???u d?????ng nh?? ta kh??ng ph??n bi???t ???????c ????u l?? ch??nh tr???, ????u l?? t??nh c???m, ????u l?? c??? truy???n th???ng, ????u l?? hi???n ?????i... T?? t?????ng c???a b??i th?? c??? ng???m d???n, ng???m d???n v??o trong t??m h???n ta nh?? ch???t men say, nh?? ti???ng m??? ru ta tha thi???t t??? nh???ng n??m n??o:

Con ??i mu???n n??n th??n ng?????i

L???ng tai nghe l???y nh???ng l???i m??? cha

C??ng cha nh?? n??i Th??i S??n

Ngh??a m??? nh?? n?????c trong ngu???n ch???y ra.
T??? H???u ???? c?? ?? th???c r?? r???t trong vi???c s??? d???ng h??nh th???c h??t ru. V?? nh?? th?? ch??m ch??t soi ??i so??t l???i t???ng ch??? t???ng c??u sao cho kh??ng xa l??? m?? c??ng kh??ng s??o m??n. Ng??n ng??? c???a nh???ng b??i h??t ru?? th??? ng??n ng??? b??nh d??? trong s??ng c???a qu???n ch??ng.
Ta g???p l???i ??? ????y nh???ng l???i khuy??n r??n nh???n nh??? k??n ????o nh??? nh??ng:
Con ng?????i mu???n s???ng con ??i
Ph???i y??u ?????ng ch??, y??u ng?????i anh em
M???t ng??i sao ch???ng s??ng ????m
M???t th??n l??a ch??n ch???ng n??n m??u v??ng
M???t ng?????i ????u ph???i nh??n gian
S???ng ch??ng m???t ?????m l???a t??n m?? th??i.
V?? v???y nh?? th?? T??? H???u r???t g???n g???i v???i qu???n ch??ng. C?? nhi???u b??i in ra "tr??m mi???ng m???t l???i ?????u y??u th??ch. Ch??a bao l??u nhi???u ng?????i ???? thu???c, v?? ??? c??c x??, c??c m???, c??c ch??? ???? h??t ru con".(4)
Th?? ca d??n gian hay t??? n???i nh??? nhung, th?? T??? H???u c??ng v???y.
Trong b??i Vi???t B???c, nh?? th?? nh??? r???t nhi???u:
Nh??? t???ng b???n kh??i c??ng s????ng...
Nh??? t???ng r???ng n???a b??? tre...
Nh??? ng?????i m??? n???ng ch??y l??ng...
Nh??? c?? em g??i h??i m??ng m???t minh...
"nh??? chi???n khu", "nh??? nh???ng nh??", "nh??? nh???ng hoa c??ng ng?????i". V?? nh??? c??? "nh??? khi gi???c ?????n, gi???c l??ng^,r???ng c??y n??i ???? ta c??ng ????nh T??y". Nh??? t??? nh???ng ?????i "qu??n ??i ??i???p ??i???p tr??ng tr??ng" "d??n c??ng ????? ??u???c t???ng ??o??n" ?????n nh???ng "tin vui chi???n th???ng tr??m mi???n" . Nh??? m???t bu???i h???p trung ????ng, m???t "l???p h???c i t???", "m???t v???ng tr??ng" thu" m???t ti???ng h??t ??n t??nh. Nh??? " ng??i Thia, s??ng ????y" , "ph??? Th??ng, ????o Gi??ng" Nh??? s??ng L?? nh??? ph??? R??ng nh??? t??? Cao Lang nh??? sang Nh??? H??" v.v... T??m l???i l?? nh??? t???t c??? nh???ng g?? ????ng nh??? trong kh??ng chi???n.
Nh???ng n???i nh??? trong ca dao da di???t ?????n ch??y ru???t, ch??y l??ng
Nh???ng l??:

Nh??? ai nh??? m??i th??? n??y

Nh??? ????m qu??n ng??? nh??? ng??y qu??n ??n
Nh??? ai c??m ch???ng bu???n ??n
???? b??ng b??t ?????n l???i d???n xu???ng m??m

Nh??? ai ra ng???n v??o ng??...
Nh??? ai b???i h???i b???i h???i...
Nh??? ai nh?? nh??? thu???c l??o...

Nh??? nhung l?? m???t tr???ng th??i t??nh c???m th?????ng x???y ra m?? ai c??ng c??. Xa nhau ng?????i ta nh??? nhau. Nh??? cha, nh??? m??? nh??? ng?????i y??u, nh??? b???n b??... Nh?? th?? nn??o ch???ng n??i v??? n???i nh??? ???y, nh??? m???t c??ch thi???t tha ch??n th??nh. Nh??ng c?? l??? kh??ng ai nh??? ???????c nh?? T??? H???u. Trong b??i Vi???t B???c c???a T??? H???u , c??i nh??? ??a d???ng, b??t ng??t m??nh m??ng. N?? c??? th??? m?? bao qu??t g???n g???i m?? thi??ng li??ng, tha thi???t m?? kh??ng bi l???y; n?? r???t kh???e kho???n, vui t????i. N?? l?? t??nh c???m c??? truy???n c???a d??n t???c. T??? H???u ???? l??m cho n?? m???i l??n.
Nhi???u chi ti???t c?? t??nh ch???t k?? ???c trong b??i th?? ???? l??m cho n???i nh??? kh??ng ????n ??i???u, kh?? khan, n??n cho n??n b??i th?? ??i v??o l??ng ta r???t ng???t ng??o th???m th??a.
  T??? H???u ti???p thu y???u t??? truy???n th???ng c???a ca dao, d??n ca theo c??ch n??i tr??n. Nh?? th?? ???? tri???t ????? khai th??c s??? d???ng v?? ph??t tri???n m???t c??ch s??ng t???o nh???ng tinh hoa c???a th?? ca d??n gian c??? v??? n???i dung t?? t?????ng l???n h??nh th???c bi???u hi???n. Ti???p thu v??n h???c c??? truy???n l?? ????? g??p ph???n di???n t??? m???t c??ch sinh ?????ng nh???ng t?? t?????ng t??nh c???m m???i c???a th???i ?????i l??m t??ng t??nh ch???t d??n t???c c???a c??c b??i th??, ????? cho th?? g???n v???i qu???n ch??ng. Ti???p thu v??n h???c d??n gian kh??ng ph???i l?? nh???c l???i, r???p khu??n ho???c qu?? l???m d???ng n??, m?? ph???i bi???t ch???t l???c, tinh ch??? lo???i b??? c??i x???u, c??i d???, m??? r???ng v?? n??ng cao c??i ?????p c??i t???t theo quan ni???m c???a ch??ng ta ng??y nay; theo tinh th???n m???i c???a th???i ?????i. T??nh ch???t hi???n ?????i trong th?? T??? H???u v???n l?? linh h???n, l?? b???n ch???t. ?????c th?? T??? H???u ta c???m th???y "m???ch ?????i ?????p d?????i b??a s??ch nh?? m???ch m??u ?????p d?????i l??n da" (Ka - li - nin). Vi???c ti???p thu ca dao d??n ca kh??ng h??? l??m cho th?? T??? H???u ??i v??o l???i m??n, v???t c?? t??? m??nh x??a m??? c?? t??nh c???a m??nh ??i m?? tr??i l???i c??ng t???o ra cho nh?? th?? m???t phong c??ch ?????c ????o. Th?? T??? H???u v???a l?? c???a ri??ng T??? H???u, c???a m???t con tim chan ch???a y??u th????ng, v???a l?? ti???ng n??i c???a th???i ?????i, l?? l???i ca c???a qu???n ch??ng nh??n d??n.
   V?? c??ng kh??ng n??n ngh?? r???ng, mu???n s??ng t??c t???t ch??? c???n h???c t???p v?? k??? th???a v???n c?? l?? ???? xong. Mu???n s??ng t??c t???t ??i???u c?? b???n h??n c??? l?? ph???i c?? th??? gi???i quan ????ng ?????n v?? ph???i lu??n lu??n t???m m??nh trong d??ng cu???c s???ng nh??n d??n. Th?? T??? H???u l?? k???t qu??? c???a m???t qu?? tr??nh tu d?????ng v?? r??n luy???n gian kh???. T??? ch??? c??n "b??n kho??n ??i ki???m l??? y??u ?????i" sau khi ???????c ?????ng gi??c ng??? ???????c "m???t tr???i ch??n l?? ch??i qua tim", T??? H???u ???? mau ch??ng tr??? th??nh con ng?????i c???a ?????ng, t??? nguy???n "l??m con c???a v???n nh??" l??m "em c???a v???n ki???p ph??i pha". Nh?? th?? ???? h???n v??? ph??a nh??n d??n, v??? ph??a c??ch m???ng nguy???n ??em l???i th??, ??em "ti???ng n??i ?????ng ??, ?????ng t??nh, ti???ng n??i ?????ng ch??" c???a m??nh ph???c v??? nh??n d??n, ph???c v??? nh???ng con ng?????i "trong s??ng nh???t, minh m???n nh???t, cao ?????p nh???t" (6). M???y m????i n??m qua l?? m???y m????i n??m T??? H???u ???? l??n l???n nhi???u, ph???c v??? nh???ng con ng?????i ???y. V?? c??ng ng??y t?? t?????ng, t??nh c???m c???a T??? H???u c??ng chan h??a v???i t?? t?????ng , t??nh c???m c???a th???i ?????i. T??? H???u ???? c?? l???n t??m s???: " N??i cho c??ng th?? l?? k???t qu??? c???a s??? nh???p t??m ?????i s???ng, tr?? tu???, t??i n??ng c???a nh??n d??n. Nh???p t??m ???????c bao nhi??u l?? nh??? ??? cu???c ?????i m??nh g???n b?? ???????c bao nhi??u v???i nh??n d??n m??nh. Nh???p t??m t??? t??m h???n, t??nh c???m, ?????n d??ng ??i, gi???ng n??i, ti???ng kh??c, ti???ng c?????i. Nh???p t??m ?????n m???t m???c n??o ???? th?? th?? ???y th??nh h??nh. C?? th??? n??i th?? ch??? tr??n ra khi tim ta cu???c s???ng ???? th???t ?????y." (5). Nh??n d??n, th???i ?????i ???? cho T??? H???u m???t h???n th??, m???t "????i m???t th???n ch??? ngh??a" . Ch??nh v?? v???y m?? phong v??? ca dao d??n ca kh??ng th??? kh??ng s???ng d???y trong th?? T??? H???u v?? nh?? th?? T??? H???u t???t y???u tr??? th??nh t??i s???n c???a nh??n d??n ng??y nay.
                                                      N.P.T

1 - Ka-li-n:in: - C??c b??i b??o v?? di???n v??n t??? ?????i h???i VII ?????n ?????i h???i VIII c???a X?? vi???t to??n Li??n bang. Nxb ?????ng - 1936
2 - ????i khi ch??? M??nh trong th?? T??? H???u c??n c?? ?? ngh??a kh??c, ch???ng h???n nh?? trong c??u:
M??nh ??i m??nh c?? nh??? m??nh
hay l??:
M??nh ??i m??nh l???i nh??? m??nh
M??nh ??? ????y kh??ng ph???i M??nh ?????i t??? ??? ng??i th??? hai m?? M??nh c?? ?? ngh??a l?? Ta ??? ng??i th??? nh???t (n nh?? ch??? M??nh ??? cu???i c??u th??? nh??nh ??? ?????u c??u th??? hai). C??ng trong b??i Vi???t B???c, v???i c??ch d??ng t????ng t???, T??? H???u c??n d???ng l??n hai nh??n v??t. C??ng trong b??i Vi???t B???c, v???i c??ch d??ng t????ng t???, T??? H???u c??n d???ng l??n hai nh??n v???t t?????ng tr??ng Non v?? N?????c (N?????c tr??i, n?????c c?? v??? ngu???n...). ????y l?? l???i n??i t?????ng tr??ng, k??n ????o c???a c??c t??c gi??? d??n gian. Trong ca dao ch??ng ta th???y c?? r???t nhi???u nh??n v???t ki???u nh?? th???: Tr??c - Mai, M???n - ????o, Thuy???n - B???n, R???ng - M??y, Loan - Ph?????ng, N?????c - Non...
3 - Th?? c???a Xu??n Qu???nh - trong t???p T?? t???m ch???i bi???c Nxb V??n h???c 1963.
4 - Xu??n Di???u - Ph?? b??nh gi???i thi???u th?? - Nxb V??n h???c, 1960.
5 - 1, 2, 3...T??? H???u - Th?? l?? ti???ng n??i ?????ng ??, ?????ng t??nh, ti???ng n??i ?????ng ch?? - T???p ch?? V??n ngh??? s??? 48 th??ng 5 - 1961.
(*) B??i in tr??n t???p ch?? TH?? s??? 1&2 n??m 2012